The adaptive immune response provides specific, long-lasting defense against pathogens. Unlike the innate immune system, which responds quickly and non-specifically, the adaptive immune system tailors its response to specific pathogens and improves with repeated exposures.
Specificity – Targets specific antigens (molecules found on pathogens).
Memory – Remembers past infections, allowing for a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure.
Diversity – Can recognize a vast array of antigens.
Self-tolerance – Typically avoids attacking the body’s own cells.
Lymphocytes:
B cells – Produce antibodies that neutralize pathogens.
T cells –
Helper T cells (CD4+) assist other immune cells.
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) destroy infected or abnormal cells.
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) – Such as dendritic cells, which process and present antigens to T cells to initiate the adaptive response.
Humoral Immunity – Mediated by B cells and antibodies, effective against extracellular pathogens.
Cell-mediated Immunity – Mediated by T cells, effective against intracellular pathogens like viruses and some bacteria.
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